1 year
10.27%
Cumulative estimated return
SPY: 14.60%
Outperformance: -4.33 percentage points
2025-09-15 – 2026-09-15
Missing information
- 495 rows without a saved price.
- 433 sales exceeding observed holdings (unmatched amount omitted).
Daniel Goldman
Updated Sep 14, 2026Democrat · House NY10
Wikipedia biography ↗Years Elected: About 3.7Rank: #74
Service dates
Federal elected service; earlier service not yet verified.
- Jan 3, 2023 – Sep 17, 2026
Estimated public-equity portfolio performance
3 years
32.28%
Cumulative estimated return
SPY: 70.83%
Outperformance: -38.55 percentage points
2023-09-15 – 2026-09-15
Missing information
- 495 rows without a saved price.
- 433 sales exceeding observed holdings (unmatched amount omitted).
5 years
52.48%
Cumulative estimated return
SPY: 100.77%
Outperformance: -48.29 percentage points
2022-06-30 – 2026-09-15
Missing information
- 495 rows without a saved price.
- 433 sales exceeding observed holdings (unmatched amount omitted).
- Available investment history starts 2022-06-30.
As of Sep 15, 2026. 1145 parsed trades. Ranks use three-year return.
How estimates are calculated
Returns use correctly parsed individual-stock holdings, purchases and sales, with Tradier prices for unsold positions. Bounded reported amounts use their midpoint; trades reported as “over $5 million” use $5 million. Daily returns exclude cash contributions and holdings-value reconciliations. Sale proceeds remain as cash. Unparsed records and entries without usable amounts or prices are omitted; no missing trades or holdings are invented. Sales can only reduce observed holdings. The dates on each card show the available calculation period, which can be shorter than the requested period. These are estimates of the parsed portion of the portfolio, not verified brokerage returns.
Current holdings
Last reported holdings valued Dec 31, 2025. Original disclosure ↗. These are reported positions, not a live account balance.
This extraction is incomplete or awaiting reconciliation. The source may contain additional holdings.
| Asset | Owner | Reported value | Purchased | Purchase price | Last close | Current ROI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AVTR | Not reported | $1,001 - $15,000 | Unavailable | Unavailable | $15.61Sep 16, 2026 | Unavailable |
| TBLA | Not reported | $1,001 - $15,000 | Unavailable | Unavailable | $3.81Sep 16, 2026 | Unavailable |
| SPGI | Not reported | None | Unavailable | Unavailable | $406.76Sep 16, 2026 | Unavailable |
| LEVI | Not reported | $1,000,001 - $5,000,000 | Unavailable | Unavailable | $19.65Sep 16, 2026 | Unavailable |
| AMG | Spouse | $1,001 - $15,000 | Unavailable | Unavailable | $342.82Sep 16, 2026 | Unavailable |
| ALLE | Spouse | $1,001 - $15,000 | Unavailable | Unavailable | $152.81Sep 16, 2026 | Unavailable |
| AIG | Spouse | $1,001 - $15,000 | Unavailable | Unavailable | $76.07Sep 16, 2026 | Unavailable |
| BAC | Spouse | $1,001 - $15,000 | Unavailable | Unavailable | $57.90Sep 16, 2026 | Unavailable |
| C | Spouse | $15,001 - $50,000 | Unavailable | Unavailable | $132.95Sep 16, 2026 | Unavailable |
| ET | Spouse | $1,001 - $15,000 | Unavailable | Unavailable | $21.11Sep 16, 2026 | Unavailable |
| IR | Spouse | $1,001 - $15,000 | Unavailable | Unavailable | $71.44Sep 16, 2026 | Unavailable |
| META | Spouse | $15,001 - $50,000 | Unavailable | Unavailable | $673.31Sep 16, 2026 | Unavailable |
| MDLZ | Spouse | $1,001 - $15,000 | Unavailable | Unavailable | $62.36Sep 16, 2026 | Unavailable |
| MS | Spouse | $1,001 - $15,000 | Unavailable | Unavailable | $202.42Sep 16, 2026 | Unavailable |
| HSY | Spouse | $1,001 - $15,000 | Unavailable | Unavailable | $170.79Sep 16, 2026 | Unavailable |
| TT | Spouse | $15,001 - $50,000 | Unavailable | Unavailable | $421.68Sep 16, 2026 | Unavailable |
| WMT | Spouse | $1,001 - $15,000 | Unavailable | Unavailable | $107.50Sep 16, 2026 | Unavailable |
ROI is the price change from the latest matched, unsold purchase to the last stored close, as on the ticker page. Purchase prices are that day’s closing prices. Missing acquisition or price evidence is unavailable; dividends are excluded.
Estimated positions as of Sep 15, 2026
| Asset | Owner | Estimated units | Estimated value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ AAON, Inc. (AAON) [ST] | not_reported | 219.1517511034354355055201287 | 16287.36 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Ameren Corporation (AEE) [ST] | not_reported | 830.0188136343514829570606463 | 85508.54 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ The AES Corporation (AES) [ST] | not_reported | 1546.906235126130414088529272 | 22894.21 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Allegiant Travel Company (ALGT) [ST] | not_reported | 70.74453974710407639932796887 | 5529.39 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Church & Dwight Company, Inc. (CHD) [ST] | not_reported | 350.7500539607165983164256421 | 33149.39 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Tru ⇒ Granite ⇒ Casella Waste Systems, Inc. - Class A (CWST) [ST] | not_reported | 1031.927627958172812328013209 | 93224.34 |
| Darling Ingredients Inc. (DAR) [ST] | not_reported | 3.3759942894683646654538104 | 224.64 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ DT Midstream, Inc. (DTM) [ST] | not_reported | 163.2088943288453692370461036 | 20414.17 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Duke Energy Corporation (DUK) [ST] | not_reported | 699.5662718030034511705997575 | 82387.92 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Devon Energy Corporation (DVN) [ST] | not_reported | 734.9119941934313191798221738 | 37723.03 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TLH ADR ⇒ Equinor ASA (EQNR) [ST] | not_reported | 934.9971231300345224395857307 | 42776.12 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Tru ⇒ Special Assets ⇒ Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (GS) [ST] | not_reported | 1262.542926402262473907480978 | 1233087.80 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Tru ⇒ Granite ⇒ Helmerich & Payne, Inc. (HP) [ST] | not_reported | 1741.767301439851370181142592 | 75679.79 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Henry Schein, Inc. (HSIC) [ST] | not_reported | 104.2546260099035704977847277 | 9124.36 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Tru ⇒ Granite ⇒ Hexcel Corporation (HXL) [ST] | not_reported | 621.3056776906901166125023896 | 56762.49 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Tru ⇒ Granite ⇒ IDACORP, Inc. (IDA) [ST] | not_reported | 306.8400679758308157099697885 | 40711.54 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Tru ⇒ Dynamic Equity ⇒ Kosmos Energy Ltd. Common Shares (KOS) [ST] | not_reported | 28271.48626817447495961227787 | 87358.89 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Tru ⇒ Granite ⇒ Kratos Defense & Security Solutions, Inc. (KTOS) [ST] | not_reported | 2341.534582132564841498559078 | 111503.88 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Tru ⇒ Granite ⇒ Littelfuse, Inc. (LFUS) [ST] | not_reported | 127.9345772319319792158715163 | 50619.87 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Tru ⇒ Granite ⇒ Lennox International, Inc. (LII) [ST] | not_reported | 157.3188440873227164916017232 | 56979.31 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Matador Resources Company (MTDR) [ST] | not_reported | 515.1641983258209916291049580 | 32542.92 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ NiSource Inc (NI) [ST] | not_reported | 1102.085452695829094608341811 | 44733.65 |
| Nokia Corporation Sponsored American Depositary Shares (NOK) [ST] | not_reported | 10209.48014566230552578858835 | 100461.28 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Tru ⇒ Granite ⇒ New York Times Company (NYT) [ST] | not_reported | 1164.892473118279569892473118 | 83534.44 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Occidental Petroleum Corporation (OXY) [ST] | not_reported | 1409.663722826086956521739130 | 89541.84 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Tru ⇒ Granite ⇒ Rexford Industrial Realty, Inc. (REXR) [ST] | not_reported | 564.3427678416391734676159055 | 21794.92 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Tru ⇒ Granite ⇒ SiteOne Landscape Supply, Inc. (SITE) [ST] | not_reported | 630.9455707916210986792294103 | 55270.83 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Snap Inc. Class A (SNAP) [ST] | not_reported | 2475.285605483625285605483625 | 14430.92 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TLH ADR ⇒ TotalEnergies SE (TTE) [ST] | not_reported | 2109.517268445839874411302983 | 196438.25 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Twist Bioscience Corporation (TWST) [ST] | not_reported | 929.6481693363844393592677346 | 128384.41 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ U.S. Physical Therapy, Inc. (USPH) [ST] | not_reported | 73.26465201465201465201465201 | 5989.39 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Vonage Holdings Corp. (VG) [ST] | not_reported | 1725.079617834394904458598726 | 26376.47 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Valero Energy Corporation (VLO) [ST] | not_reported | 456.3558524651863003387278886 | 181191.53 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Tru ⇒ Jennison ⇒ Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated (VRTX) [ST] | not_reported | 1446.115901912771922353525675 | 744214.63 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ WEC Energy Group, Inc. (WEC) [ST] | not_reported | 1356.448247078464106844741235 | 140405.96 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Xcel Energy Inc. (XEL) [ST] | not_reported | 459.3061051441492368569813454 | 33295.10 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Exxon Mobil Corporation (XOM) [ST] | not_reported | 4758.302195235871088276506305 | 805675.73 |
| Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Tru ⇒ Granite ⇒ Zurn Elkay Water Solutions Corporation (ZWS) [ST] | not_reported | 1193.116740088105726872246696 | 55098.13 |
| E*Trade (Morgan Stanley) - Brokerage ⇒ American International Group, Inc. New Common Stock (AIG) [ST] | spouse | 93.51841028638223261250730567 | 7058.77 |
| E*Trade (Morgan Stanley) - Brokerage ⇒ Affiliated Managers Group, Inc. (AMG) [ST] | spouse | 27.75253226030248369640627168 | 9656.22 |
| E*Trade (Morgan Stanley) - Brokerage ⇒ Bank of America Corporation (BAC) [ST] | spouse | 145.4636363636363636363636364 | 8658.00 |
| E*Trade (Morgan Stanley) - Brokerage ⇒ Energy Transfer LP Common Units (ET) [ST] | spouse | 485.1728320194057004244996968 | 10348.74 |
| E*Trade (Morgan Stanley) - Brokerage ⇒ The Hershey Company (HSY) [ST] | spouse | 43.96362237608528409715353336 | 7492.28 |
| E*Trade (Morgan Stanley) - Brokerage ⇒ Mondelez International, Inc. - Class A (MDLZ) [ST] | spouse | 148.6253018762771688649451978 | 9229.63 |
Completed trades
Estimated purchase/sale matches from accepted transaction reports. Closing prices and reported amount midpoints estimate shares, with oldest purchases matched first within the same stock, owner and disclosed account. A row may represent a partial sale. These are price returns, not verified execution prices or brokerage returns; dividends are excluded. Annual schedules and unmatched or ambiguous activity are omitted here.
| Ticker | Owner | Purchase date | Purchase price | Sale date | Sale price | Return |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No completed purchase/sale matches are available from the collected records. | ||||||
All trades
2302 public-equity trades. Annual schedule rows are labeled because they may repeat transaction reports. Superseded and unresolved reports remain in the disclosures below.
| Ticker | Owner | Transaction Type | Trade Date | Found Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| USB — Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ U.S. Bancorp (USB) [ST] | Not reported | PurchaseAnnual schedule; may repeat a PTR | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 14, 2026 |
| UGI — Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ UGI Corporation (UGI) [ST] | Not reported | SaleAnnual schedule; may repeat a PTR | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 14, 2026 |
| UAL — Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ United Airlines Holdings, Inc. (UAL) [ST] | Not reported | Sale (partial)Annual schedule; may repeat a PTRSource rows (1)$1,001 - $15,000 Original ↗ · Row 722 · Annual | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 14, 2026 |
| VTR — Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Ventas, Inc. (VTR) [ST] | Not reported | SaleAnnual schedule; may repeat a PTR | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 14, 2026 |
| VCYT — Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Veracyte, Inc. (VCYT) [ST] | Not reported | Sale (partial)Annual schedule; may repeat a PTRSource rows (1)$1,001 - $15,000 Original ↗ · Row 734 · Annual | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 14, 2026 |
| VZ — Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Verizon Communications Inc. (VZ) [ST] | Not reported | Sale (partial)Annual schedule; may repeat a PTRSource rows (1)$15,001 - $50,000 Original ↗ · Row 737 · Annual | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 14, 2026 |
| VTRS — Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Viatris Inc. (VTRS) [ST] | Not reported | Sale (partial)Annual schedule; may repeat a PTRSource rows (1)$1,001 - $15,000 Original ↗ · Row 741 · Annual | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 14, 2026 |
| WBS — Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Webster Financial Corporation (WBS) [ST] | Not reported | PurchaseAnnual schedule; may repeat a PTR | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 14, 2026 |
| WFC — Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Wells Fargo & Company (WFC) [ST] | Not reported | Sale (partial)Annual schedule; may repeat a PTRSource rows (1)$50,001 - $100,000 Original ↗ · Row 745 · Annual | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 14, 2026 |
| WY — Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Weyerhaeuser Company (WY) [ST] | Not reported | SaleAnnual schedule; may repeat a PTR | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 14, 2026 |
| WPM — Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Wheaton Precious Metals Corp Common Shares (WPM) [ST] | Not reported | Sale (partial)Annual schedule; may repeat a PTRSource rows (1)$1,001 - $15,000 Original ↗ · Row 751 · Annual | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 14, 2026 |
| WTW — Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Willis Towers Watson Public Limited Company - Ordinary Shares (WTW) [ST] | Not reported | SaleAnnual schedule; may repeat a PTR | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 14, 2026 |
| ZTS — Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Zoetis Inc. Class A (ZTS) [ST] | Not reported | Sale (partial)Annual schedule; may repeat a PTRSource rows (1)$1,001 - $15,000 Original ↗ · Row 758 · Annual | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 14, 2026 |
| ZS — Daniel Goldman Grandchildren 1986 Trust ⇒ TACS R3K ⇒ Zscaler, Inc. (ZS) [ST] | Not reported | SaleAnnual schedule; may repeat a PTR | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 14, 2026 |
| ABBV — AbbVie Inc. (ABBV) [ST] | Not reported | Sale (partial)Source rows (1)$15,001 - $50,000 Original ↗ · Row 1 · Ptr | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| AKR — Acadia Realty Trust (AKR) [ST] | Not reported | Sale | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| ACN — Accenture plc Class A Ordinary Shares (ACN) [ST] | Not reported | Purchase | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| AFRM — Affirm Holdings, Inc. - Class A (AFRM) [ST] | Not reported | Purchase | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| AGNC — AGNC Investment Corp. (AGNC) [ST] | Not reported | Sale | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| ALB — Albemarle Corporation (ALB) [ST] | Not reported | Sale | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| ATUS — Altice USA, Inc. Class A (ATUS) [ST] | Not reported | Purchase | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| MO — Altria Group, Inc. (MO) [ST] | Not reported | Sale (partial)Source rows (1)$1,001 - $15,000 Original ↗ · Row 8 · Ptr | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| AMZN — Amazon.com, Inc. (AMZN) [ST] | Not reported | Purchase | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| AAT — American Assets Trust, Inc. (AAT) [ST] | Not reported | Sale | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| AIG — American International Group, Inc. New (AIG) [ST] | Not reported | Sale (mixed sale types)Source rows (2)$16,002–$65,000 Original ↗ · Row 11 · Ptr Original ↗ · Row 12 · Ptr | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| AMT — American Tower Corporation (AMT) [ST] | Not reported | Purchase | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| FOLD — Amicus Therapeutics, Inc. (FOLD) [ST] | Not reported | Sale | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| APO — Apollo Global Management, Inc. (APO) [ST] | Not reported | Sale | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| AAPL — Apple Inc. (AAPL) [ST] | Not reported | Purchase | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| APTV — Aptiv PLC Ordinary Shares (APTV) [ST] | Not reported | Sale (partial)Source rows (1)$15,001 - $50,000 Original ↗ · Row 17 · Ptr | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| ANET — Arista Networks, Inc. (ANET) [ST] | Not reported | Purchase | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| ARRY — Array Technologies, Inc. (ARRY) [ST] | Not reported | Sale (partial)Source rows (1)$1,001 - $15,000 Original ↗ · Row 19 · Ptr | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| TEAM — Atlassian Corporation - Class A (TEAM) [ST] | Not reported | Purchase | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| CAR — Avis Budget Group, Inc. (CAR) [ST] | Not reported | Purchase | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| AXS — Axis Capital Holdings Limited (AXS) [ST] | Not reported | Sale | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| BAC — Bank of America Corporation (BAC) [ST] | Not reported | Sale (partial)Source rows (1)$15,001 - $50,000 Original ↗ · Row 23 · Ptr | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| BILL — BILL Holdings, Inc. (BILL) [ST] | Not reported | Purchase | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| BMY — Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (BMY) [ST] | Not reported | Purchase | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| CADE — Cadence Bank (CADE) [ST] | Not reported | Purchase | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| CPT — Camden Property Trust (CPT) [ST] | Not reported | Sale | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| COF — Capital One Financial Corporation (COF) [ST] | Not reported | Sale (partial)Source rows (1)$1,001 - $15,000 Original ↗ · Row 28 · Ptr | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| CAT — Caterpillar, Inc. (CAT) [ST] | Not reported | Sale (partial)Source rows (1)$15,001 - $50,000 Original ↗ · Row 29 · Ptr | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| CNC — Centene Corporation (CNC) [ST] | Not reported | Purchase | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| CHX — ChampionX Corporation (CHX) [ST] | Not reported | Purchase | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| CHPT — ChargePoint Holdings, Inc. (CHPT) [ST] | Not reported | Purchase | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| GTLS — Chart Industries, Inc. (GTLS) [ST] | Not reported | Purchase | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| CB — Chubb Limited (CB) [ST] | Not reported | Purchase | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| CFG — Citizens Financial Group, Inc. (CFG) [ST] | Not reported | Purchase | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| YOU — Clear Secure, Inc. Class A (YOU) [ST] | Not reported | Sale | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
| CLF — Cleveland-Cliffs Inc. (CLF) [ST] | Not reported | Purchase | Apr 10, 2023 | Sep 12, 2026 |
All disclosures
20 collected financial disclosures. Collection does not establish complete lifetime activity; missing source years and request-only documents may leave gaps.